Closely mimics the dynamic range of reactions that an individual can show in response to physical and psychological stressors.​

Ranges from the development of a major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or resiliency to these disease states.​

Individual responses to stressors are particularly useful in modeling aspects of anxiety disorders such as PTSD with high construct, face, discriminative, and predictive validity.

Control and Defeat Phenotype

Susceptible mice show significantly less social interaction with a novel mouse.​

During the social interaction test, susceptible mice will spent more time in the corners of the arena and less time in the interaction zone where the novel mouse is placed.

Effects of Imipramine and Ketamine on Social Interaction in Defeated Mice

Acute administration of imipramine does not show efficacy in this model​

Chronic administration of imipramine (2 weeks) attenuated social deficits in defeated mice.​

Acute injection of ketamine 24 hours prior to test attenuated social deficits in defeated mice​.

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